An Overview of Impressionism in Art History

An Overview of Impressionism in Art History Impressionist craftsmanship is a style of painting that developed in the mid-to-late 1800s and underlines a craftsmen prompt impression of a second or scene, normally imparted using light and its appearance, short brushstrokes, and division of hues. Impressionist painters,such as Claude Monet in his Impression: Sunrise and Edgar Degas in Ballet Class, frequently utilized present day life as their topic and painted rapidly and uninhibitedly, catching light and development in a way that had not been attempted before.â Key Takeaways: Impressionism Impressionism is a style of painting that was created in the late nineteenth century. The style, techniques, and subjects of Impressionism dismissed past authentic artwork, supplanting painstakingly covered up brushstrokes of chronicled occasions with obvious thick splendid shades of current scenes. The first display was in 1874, and it was completely panned by craftsmanship critics.Key painters incorporate Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Berthe Morisot, Camille Pissarro, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Impressionism: Definition <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mL-B2_H6vuuMwbQ19onQ34K7_B0=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iJUUkbGqRcIBg5CI_m7iC1ucDUE=/481x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 481w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/iVIJ6uEPVWzTioQQGqQ-3oPlXdo=/662x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 662w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/XYgxyKI2wAVO3N-mQc7PZb29J6w=/1024x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil -on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg 1024w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/sUUry2uGjrG1Gi-M73Q3VbQbtoM=/1024x829/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/road de-l-operation rasnow-effectmorningby-pissarro-camille19th-century1898oil-on-canvascm-65-x-82-187389272-5c0d776946e0fb0001b1b2fe.jpg src=//:0 alt=Avenue de L'Opà ©ra. Snow Effect. Morning, by Pissarro Camille, nineteenth Century, 1898, oil on canvas, cm 65 x 82 class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-4 information following container=true /> Road de LOpà ©ra. Snow Effect. Morning, by Pissarro Camille. Mondadori/Getty Images Albeit the absolute most regarded specialists of the Western standard were a piece of the Impressionist development, the term impressionist was initially planned as a slanderous term, utilized by craftsmanship pundits who were straight dismayed at this new style of painting. In the mid-1800s, when the Impressionist development was conceived, it was generally acknowledged that genuine specialists mixed their hues and limited the presence of brushstrokes to deliver the licked surface favored by the scholarly bosses. Impressionism, conversely, included short, obvious strokes-spots, commas, spreads, and masses. The primary bit of workmanship to rouse the basic moniker impressionism was Claude Monets 1873 piece Impression: Sunrise, a piece that was introduced at the principal display in 1874. Moderate painter Joseph Vincent was cited in an audit in progressively mocking ways, calling Monets work not as completed as backdrop. To consider somebody an Impressionist in 1874 was an affront, which means the painter had no aptitude and come up short on the sound judgment to complete a work of art before selling it.â The First Impressionist Exhibition <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qhwf0UKeEm_n9qNoXPeJSjG9RU8=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/WaiqMgG68oEBxVEOG9Nytg_8oTw=/545x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 545w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/m8LIT6SOwWcP_Z6P0sOdGS7ZjxQ=/790x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 790w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/CZciBYwRBNBXSKS7TLP_t8MbALQ=/1280x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg 1280w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/lpWgzSPpBNgheP5VDUAjq9YTYNA=/1280x958/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/artistas-modernos-56a0375e5f9b58eba4af5f06.jpg src=//:0 alt=Bazille's Studio, Frã ©dã ©ric Bazille, 1870 class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-10 information following container=true /> Frã ©dã ©ric Bazille, Bazilles Studio, 1870. Musã ©e dOrsay, Parã ­s (Francia) In 1874, a gathering of craftsmen who devoted themselves to this chaotic style pooled their assets to advance themselves in their own presentation. The thought was radical. In those days the French craftsmanship world spun around the yearly Salon, an official presentation supported by the French government through its Acadã ©mie des Beaux-Arts. The gathering (Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot, and a pile of others) considered themselves the Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors, Engravers, and so forth. Together they leased presentation space from the picture taker Nadar (a nom de plume Gaspard-Fã ©lix Tournachon). Nadars studio was in another structure, which was a fairly present day building; and the whole impact of their endeavors created an uproar. For the normal crowd, the workmanship looked odd, the presentation space looked capricious, and the choice to show their specialty outside of the Salon or the Academys circle (and even auction legitimately the dividers) appeared to be near franticness. For sure, these craftsmen pushed the constraints of workmanship during the 1870s a long ways past the scope of worthy practice. Indeed, even in 1879, during the fourth Impressionist Exhibition, the French pundit Henry Havard composed: I admit unassumingly I don't consider nature to be they do, never having seen these skies cushy with pink cotton, these dark and moirã © waters, this multi-shaded foliage. Possibly they do exist. I don't know them.â Impressionism and Modern Life <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/pp4plyiuyuVgfgwASJrCiYyvo9c=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/vaof_fDLrBrH-LHklj3pur2CIsI=/1275x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 1275w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/JlALput92XpLG3Q2cSfO94GETh0=/2250x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 2250w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/DF2KIdXzJzJH0fDDQj0_VbPK0Kw=/4200x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg 4200w information src=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3K3JhhzfysLY5vd2NFIY9vr_oIA=/4200x3349/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Mondadori-Portfolio-461641563-577511fe5f9b585875451a1e.jpg src=//:0 alt=The Dance Class by Edgar Degas class=lazyload information click-tracked=true information img-lightbox=true information expand=300 id=mntl-sc-square image_1-0-20 information following container=true /> Edgar Degas, The Dance Class, 1874. Mondadori Portfolio Impressionism made another method of seeing the world. It was a method of watching the city, suburbia, and the wide open as reflections of the modernization that every one of these specialists saw and needed to record from their perspective. Innovation, as they was already aware it, turned into their topic. Folklore, scriptural scenes and recorded occasions that had commanded the worshipped history painting of their time were supplanted by subjects of contemporary life, for example, bistros and road life in Paris, rural and provincial recreation life outside of Paris, artists and vocalists and laborers. The Impressionists endeavored to catch the rapidly moving light of normal sunshine by painting outside (en plein air). They blended their hues on the canvas instead of their palettes and painted quickly in wet-on-wet reciprocal hues produced using new engineered shades. To accomplish the look they needed, they designed the method of broken hues, leaving holes in the top layers to uncover hues beneath, and deserting the movies and coatings of the more established experts for a thick impasto of unadulterated, serious shading. It might be said, the exhibition of the road, nightclub or shoreline resort became history painting for these sturdy Independents (who likewise considered themselves the Intransigents-the difficult ones). The Evolution of Post-Impressionism <img information srcset=https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qbCIY6DcuaGvTINMK9WDKaHmnvA=/300x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f481addf.jpg 300w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/mZ_uHO7lV4KP-3O7hhj_lKLO3gc=/1005x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f481addf.jpg 1005w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ - F-h-a6Sv0jIVH86sx300tBN7vc=/1710x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f481addf.jpg 1710w, https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/ - 7S2tMomsX7KgNc_-VU7Qn8lLpw=/3123x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/some tea-by-mary-cassatt-640266077-57c74c2f5f9b5829f4

Rousseau, Marx, and the Critique of Classical Liberalism Essay

Rousseau, Marx, and the Critique of Classical Liberalism - Essay Example This name mirrors the way that it originates from the honesty of the individuals (country, class), the nearness of single will before the demonstration of its open articulation, and personality of the will and activities of the specialists. Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Karl Marx are the most conspicuous delegates of this hypothesis of majority rules system. Rousseau’s Political Philosophy Idealizing the characteristic express, a sort of â€Å"golden age,† Rousseau accepted that the common state must ensure the recuperation of normal fairness of man in the structure set up by the agreement opportunities. Rousseau is viewed as the dad of the traditional hypothesis of vote based system, since he presented the possibility of well known sway. By making a state, individuals don't put themselves under the authority of the sovereign, however become the bearers of the preeminent force. Thinking about the sway of the individuals as resolute, he restricted the division of power betwe en any of the bodies. The governing body can't be moved to parliament, and must be completed straightforwardly by the individuals. All laws are made by the regular will of the individuals. Rousseau’s analysis of progressivism showed itself most significantly in the translation of the correspondence issue. Rousseau recognizes legitimate equalityâ€or formal equalityâ€and accepted uniformity. ... Also, it would be out of line, as indicated by ideologues of radicalism, if a bonehead and an insightful man were equivalent. Rousseau, for all his â€Å"naturalism†, contends in an unexpected way. Naturally, he says, all individuals are equivalent. This doesn't imply that the solid and the frail are equivalent in quality. In physical quality they are not equivalent. Yet, they are equivalent morally justified to live. What's more, if this equity is perceived, the solid will help the feeble to endure. And afterward the powerless will feel similarly solid. Be that as it may, the solid can hurt the frail. What's more, he can exploit the shortcoming of someone else so as to enslave him, to make him work so as to get rich, and so forth. Likewise, a nitwit can be treated in various manners: one can feel for his ineptitude, yet one can exploit his idiocy to delude him for one’s own narrow minded purposes. As indicated by Rousseau, regular disparity is intensified by the imbala nce in the social states of life. Also, the genuine disparity of men is showed basically in the imbalance of social conditions. That is the reason humanism in current society ought to make equivalent conditions for solid individuals and the most sad individuals with inabilities. In spite of the fact that it could be conceivable, regarding their â€Å"inferiority†, essentially to dismiss truly imperfect individuals, or wall them in exceptional reservations. Present day society has become so rich that it can bear to be empathetic. At the hour of Rousseau, it was not all that rich. Rousseau broadcasted the requirement for the genuine equity surprisingly in the general public, which was still a long way from the monetary state when correspondence could be accomplished. Rousseau can be blamed for utopianism. Yet, without such utopians

The Link Between Religious Faith and Fear

The Link Between Religious Faith and Fear Phobias Print The Link Between Religious Faith and Fear By Lisa Fritscher Lisa Fritscher is a freelance writer and editor with a deep interest in phobias and other mental health topics. Learn about our editorial policy Lisa Fritscher Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Daniel B. Block, MD on February 07, 2020 twitter linkedin Daniel B. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. Learn about our Medical Review Board Daniel B. Block, MD Updated on February 18, 2020 Digital Vision / Getty Images More in Phobias Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types The link between religion and phobias is strong, but its not well understood. Although a strong religious faith can bring comfort to you if youre suffering, certain phobias appear to have a religious component. These phobias often appear or worsen during a crisis of faith, but they may occur at any time. And they may happen to anyone, regardless of their religious background. Types of Phobias With a Religious Component There are several types of phobias that appear to have a religious component. Some of the most common include: Doomsday Phobias Doomsday phobias can be loosely defined as those phobias that involve the end of the world. They tend to fall into two basic categories: technology phobias and fears of the End Times. Both types of doomsday phobias may be triggered or worsened by religious belief, particularly if you have begun to question your faith. Astrophobia, or fear of space, may be related to doomsday phobias. Death Phobias Death-related fears are extremely common among people of all cultures and religious backgrounds. No matter what your faith, contemplating your own death is generally not a pleasant experience. Thanatophobia, or fear of death, is the most common of these phobias, but many people also fear the symbols of death such as tombstones and ghosts. Mythophobia, or fear of legends, may also be related to the fear of death. Numerical Phobias Different religions assign importance or power to different numbers. Although these beliefs are sometimes dismissed as superstition by modern science, belief in the power of numbers can be extremely strong. Two of the most commonly feared numbers are 13 and 666. Exploring the Connection Between Religion and Phobias Religion does not cause phobias.  Many people draw comfort from rather than fear their religious faith. Additionally, the phobias listed above often occur in those who do not identify themselves as religious.  Instead, it seems that personal religious beliefs may be a small component of a larger picture. As science has not yet conclusively proven what happens after death, fear of the unknown may be the ultimate driver behind the religious component of certain phobias. Treating the Religious Component of Phobias If you feel that religion may play a role in your phobias, a two-pronged approach often works best. It is important to consult with a trained mental health professional, who will treat your phobia from a scientific perspective. Common treatments include talk therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy, and medications. Its also recommended that you seek counseling with your religious leader, particularly if you are undergoing a crisis of faith. He or she can help you explore your beliefs and examine your concerns within the context of your faith. While traditional therapy is action-oriented and focused on removing the fear, religious counseling can help you resolve the underlying conflict.

Evaluation Of A Positive Feedback Essay - 1460 Words

Feedback is imperative for any and every member of a team. Feedback is what allows individuals to improve and learn from their own mistakes. Constructive criticism is an instructive open door for both the sender and the recipient. The initial phase in evaluation is to explain the objective or the reason behind a criticism. Qualitative feedback is unique in the way in which it provides an opportunity for individuals to evaluate their weaknesses and further improve upon their strengths. This ultimately leads to greater success. Qualitative feedback follows a process beginning with offering positive feedback, followed by constructive criticism, and finally an action plan to improve the teams’ performance. Ultimately, this provides a clear image of one’s team, which allows individuals to move forward. Positive feedback can be used to acclaim or show appreciation. For instance, it is an opportunity to tell the beneficiary that a thought or action he or she has or does is extraordinary. For example, if he or she contributes meaningfully in a meeting or works diligently on a project, positive feedback can be used as a reward for good work. This can help build confidence and continuity amongst a team. The more rewarded and confident a group feels, the more likely they are to succeed again on the next project. The opportunities to offer positive feedback vary greatly. Such feedback can be given for strong organizational skills, such as planning ahead and completing assignmentsShow MoreRelatedEvaluating A Multidimensional Trust Model For Computing User Feedback Comments Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagesbased on comments that buyers’ express in the feedback section, I have proposed CommTrust for evaluation by mining the feedback comments. My contribution include: (1) I propose a multidimensional trust model for computing user feedback comments; (2) I also propose an Algorithm for Mining Feedback Comments for Dimension Ratings, Combining Techniques of NLP, LDA and PLSA. 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This type of evaluation is popular, although it remains widely criticized (McGregor, 1957). Many specialists believe that personality traits are unobservable, therefore, difficult to define and measure. These can cause bias in the evaluation and shorten the validity because â€Å"the respect we hold for t he inherent value of the individual leaves us distresses when we must take responsibilityRead MorePerformance Appraisal : Employee Evaluation Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesevaluating employee job performance. The employee evaluation consists of regular reviews at different intervals every six months or yearly reviews. The performance appraisal includes performance training, determining who will evaluate employee performance, evaluating job performance, and communicating results to employees. By conducting a performance evaluation, it can increase understanding of improving the problems that occur within the performance evaluations. 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The formulation phase is the stage where the all the information, ideas, concepts, and researches from various people, organizations, and interest groups are taken. The legislation or evaluation process is defined as the stage where deliberations, discussions, debates, and justifications are done. The implementationRead MoreUsing Assessment and Feedbackas a Teacher Essay1373 Words   |  6 Pagesmasters the same core principles, curriculum requirements and skills. Four of the basic practices: assessment, evaluation, grading and feedback; all present a set of unique challenges in their own right. In education there seems to be many debates over the meaning these terms. Most do not have â€Å"clearly distinctive definitions...Assessment is often referred to as the gathering of data, evaluation is the judging of merits, and grading is assigning values to l etters or numbers for reporting purposes† (Assessment

A Brief History of the Film Industry - 1268 Words

Film industry is a group of factors that lead to moviemaking. The first idea of film was a picture, moreover pictures that moving in a certain way to look like a movie. The French Lumiere Brothers are the first hand of making the new modern film industry. In the beginning the films were with no technology, its lack of sound and colors, and it’s only for seconds. Then in the beginning of 1900c the narratives came to the movies and it developed to be recorded onto plastic film and shown by a movie projector on a large screen in a place called theatre or cinema. With the coming of the narratives in movies Thomas Edison thought that films could become better and developed with adding some artistic use of camera placement and editing. Furthermore, they found the new way of editing movies which is montage. Montage is the way of editing the movie and add sounds, effects and cutting the scenes. Hollywood if the U.S. usually refer to the cinema and its separated into four main stages, the silent film era, classic Hollywood cinema, new Hollywood and the contemporary period. All companies whom were working on film industry were working in a place called studios. In 1913 many of the companies made a migration to California to continue their works, the main reason is California has a better weather, so they can have a long time for working and shooting seasons. The companies settled in Hollywood and it strongly associated with the film industry that â€Å" Hollywood† word nowadays used toShow MoreRelatedVocational Area Report999 Words   |  4 Pagesauthor will discuss the brief history of the media sector,profile of the career opportunities in the media sector and the duties and responsibilities of a chosen position. Once the career within the media sector is chosen, the author will go on to discuss the career in detail. 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When the war interrupted European filmmaking, however, the American film industry began to dominate the world market. In the years between 1917 and 1927 the silent film reached the peak of its development. United States had the largest film industry and American films dominated the international market. Germany and Japan still had some movie industries but mostly left to domestic. Many nations found film production as aRead MoreMotion Picture History968 Words   |  4 PagesBefore World War I, films were being made mostly European countries and in Japan. When the war interrupted European filmmaking, however, the American film industry began to dominate the world market. In the years between 1917 and 1927 the silent film reached the peak of its development. United States had the largest film industry and American films dominated the international market. Germany and Japan still had some movie industries but mostly left to domestic. 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Communication Free Essays

Communication is an important factor that influences the group’s behavior and plays a crucial role to decide whether the group can achieve the goals. It is difficult for us to use a second language when stating our opinion. Poor English speaking make us cannot explain It well and lead to misunderstanding when we planning the satellites. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Uremia (2009) point out that the cross language communication does not always convey exactly what we want to stating and the targeted receiver may receive less of more that what it is intended to convey. However, using the single word or simple sentence to express the idea is one of the skills can help to closing the communication gap (Emerald Insight Staff, 2004). In retrospect it’s obviously make sense because we have a clarity expression when doing the ‘blind man move wood game’ while using the simple sentence to stating our intention. Culture has a profound influence on perceptions of respect, in which respect is communicated across cultures not only for verbal communication but also nonverbal communication (Bailey, 1997: 329). In China, It shows polite manners to look at other when talking with them. However, It Is Impolite In Pakistan culture that makes our team comes out with conflict. Non-verbal communication Is rooted In culture and depends heavily upon cultural knowledge for Its effective use and interpretation (Hill, Anne; Rivers, Danny; Watson, James, 2008). On the other hand, non-verbal communication can also have an encourage effect on the team. When we have the cannoning competition, our team member use body language such as hurtful gestures to show they are encouraging us cause by it rains a lot that we cannot hear clearly that have a positive signs of support for our teammate. Reference: Uremia Rat; S. M. Rat; Effective Communication. Iambi, MIND: Global Media, 2009. UP. Emerald Insight Staff (2004) (Contribution by) Communication Strategies, Bradford, KGB: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2004. IIOP Hill, Anne; Rivers, Danny; Watson, James (2008) Key Themes In Interpersonal Communication: Culture, Identities and Performance. How to cite Communication, Papers Communication Free Essays In a world of high technology we still have to have some type of interpersonal communications. Whether the communication is through a working or a personal one, getting the points across effectively is the main goal. Communication is a process of relating ideas or facts with other people. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now You may think of communication as only verbal, but the fact is there are several ways to relate messages, and I will discuss a few of those choices. Effective listening is also a key skill when it comes to communicating. The purpose is to be able to not Just hear the communicator but to listen and understand to the best of your ability. We cannot survive unless there is some type of interpersonal communications. We need to know why we communicate and there are four reasons: 1 . Physical needs: A lack of social relationships could Jeopardize your health (Alder, Town p. 4). I have heard through Medical Research that a comatose patience can respond to a familiar voice. 2. Social Needs: Helping to define who we are. Communication provides a vital link with others (Alder, Town p. ) 3. Identity Needs: Our sense of identity comes from the way we interact with other people (Alder, Town p. 4) 4. Practical Goals: Getting others to behave in ways we want (Alder, Town p. 4). For whatever reason there is, we can be always be sure there will be a reason to commute a message to another party. Nonverbal communication is a way of sending messages other than spoken words. The vast majority of society does not realize how much non communication they actually. On a recent trip to school I notice a lady who shook her head in exasperations over a telephone conversation a girl was having. The girl in turn, saw the lady and rolled her eyes. I looked at the both of them and smiled. It was quite evident we all understood the nonverbal conversation that was going on between us. Some nonverbal communication is universal such as facial expression for emotions: happiness, fear, anger and depression. I am ashamed to admit to that I Just realize that a uniform is a sign of communication. An example would be, a Policeman uniform lets me know he is a sign of authority and someone to go to for help. I only looked at it as Just his working uniform. I never realize that through his uniform he was communicating. There is a cultural setback to nonverbal communicating; different hand gestures have different meanings. It is our responsibility to keep conflict down and find out the meaning before we start doing hand signals. Other than that, communicating nonverbally is an effectively way to send messages. Listening skills is an important form of communication it helps us to understand. An effective listening skill creates a positive relationship. There is a big difference teen listening, also known as hearing and effective listening. Hearing is the transmitting of certain frequency and sounds. When we are effectively listening we understand what the other party is saying. This allows us to process the meaning of the words. If you listen well there is no need for confusion. I applied for a Job at a big insurance company after I graduated from high school. I met the lady from Human Resources, whom I made a good impression on. After I completed the math and typing test she gave me an application and clearly said â€Å"Read the application ND bring it back to the receptionist’s desk. I was reading the application as I filling it out. I got to the bottom of the last page of the application and it said â€Å"Do Not Complete This Application Take It to the Receptionist†. Page 2 It went on to say if you completed this application it shows you cannot follow instruction. Thank You and Goodbye. Needless to say, I put the application in my purse and left the premises. I missed my opportunity to work at Blue Cr oss/Blue Shield all because I was not effectively listening. This could have gone another way had I been paying attention. I hear her sounds but did not listen to words. I learned a lot from that mishap. When I am engaged in a conversation with someone I give them my undivided attention. If there is something I don’t understand I ask them after they have finished talking. The way you listen to another person can often have an adverse effect on the person doing the talking if you are not effectively listening. According to the article A Manger’s Guild to Effective Listening, â€Å"ineffective listening is painful and carries with it the net results of damaging our relationships with other and our business. † (Bayle, 1999). I would like to address one of the most effective listening Jobs around is a 911 operator. I can only image how abusive people are to them because they want them immediately. They have to be calm and gather as many facts as possible. How to cite Communication, Papers

Reflection Essay Essays (582 words) - Time, World History

Reflection Essay There are so many thing that i learned about this school year, however, the most impactful thing i learned about this school year was the Revolutionary War. The Revolutionary war was one of the most important events in shaping the future of not only the United States of America, but the entire modern world. Who knows how different the world would have been if the there was no America, no country to keep the world in balance and try to keep peace, no place where people can pursue religious, political, and financial freedom. A place where people from different cultures can hold government offices and be invited into the population as if they were Americans. Who knows what it would have been like but we should be thankful for what it is now. The United States of America was created from the hard working farmers and homeowners that were sick and tired of taking crap from Great Britain. The Revolutionary War may have happened from 1775 to 1783, however the tension of the war started decades before when Britain started heavily taxing the colonies on everything from tea to bread. One of the major events that greatly increased tensions in the colonies was the Stamp Act. The Stamp Act was passed on March 22nd of 1765, this act was imposed of all American colonies and required them to pay taxes for all the paper being used, including everything from court documents to playing cards. The colonies took this as a drastic economic setback and this caused them to start assembling and plotting ways to revolt against the mother country. The most famous display of the colonies anger toward Great Britain was the Boston Tea Party, in which, farmers, business owners, and local revolutionaries came together dressed in the attire of native americans, and overthrew multiple ships containing 342 chests of tea into the water in 1773. The Boston Tea Party was also a statement mad e by the colonies following the Boston Massacre which happened 3 years prior on March 5th of 1770. At this point, Britain took the act as the beginning of a revolution and sent multitudes of soldiers called "Redcoats" to the Americas to join the pre stationed soldiers to intimidate and eradicate any and all who opposed King George the Third. Around 1774 parliament passed what the Patriots dubbed the Intolerable Acts. These acts were a series of punitive laws given to the revolting colonies after the Boston Tea Party, in Britain these acts were referred to as the Coercive Acts. Later in the year on September 5th of 1774 the First Continental Congress was formed by delegates from 12 colonies to react to the Intolerable Acts. The next year on April 18th of 1775 the British governor of Massachusetts ordered the seizure of colonial military storages at Concord, British intentions were discovered and prevented by militiamen on April 19th. On July 4th of 1776, the Second Continental Congress created the Declaration of Independence which proclaimed the 13 colonies as independent from Great Britain, causing Britain to proclaim war on the colonies. The Declaration was mainly drafted by congressman Thomas Jefferson. Following the ratification the Declaration of Independence there were numerous battles including the Battles of Saratoga and the Surrender of Yorktown. The war formally ended with the Treaty of Paris signing on September 3rd of 1783, with Great Britain accepting defeat and acknowledging the colonies freedom.

Preview of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 11th Edition †New Features for College Students!

Preview of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile 11th Edition – New Features for College Students! The 11th edition of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile will be published soon (projected January release date!), and one of the new additions is a guide to LinkedIn ® for college students. At this time of college admissions fervor, I thought it would be appropriate to reveal this section especially for my blog readers! LinkedIn ® For Students and LinkedIn ® Youniversity are two of LinkedIn’s newest features. If youre one of the 39 million college students on LinkedIn ®, or if you’re considering becoming one of them, you will get value from my newest appendix, which addresses some features you may have not realized were available to you. Enjoy! LinkedIn ® For Students LinkedIn ® Youniversity LinkedIn ® for Students is filled with videos and tips on the most effective ways to use LinkedIn ®, from building your personal brand to getting an internship. Available videos cover a variety of topics to get you started with networking, discovering your career passion and prepping for interviews. Youll also find checklists and tip sheets for building your student profile and utilizing LinkedIns Alumni tools. Student Jobs 101 provides tips for optimizing your LinkedIn ® profile, approaching the college job hunt, and applying for internships and entry-level positions. Jobs for Students and Recent Graduates is LinkedIns search engine for internship positions and jobs for recent graduates. Search by industry for a list of positions that may interest you. LinkedIn for Students Articles contains a collection of articles written by LinkedIns top writers related to college and career. LinkedIn ® Youniversity is designed to help students find the perfect college. Its a one-stop hub where you can communicate with other students, advisors and future classmates. Here are just a few of its features: University Rankings Find out which schools are best rated in terms of placing new graduates. Read how LinkedIn ® attains these ratings in LinkedIn ®s Official Blog article, Ranking Universities Based on Career Outcomes. University Finder Just tell LinkedIn ® what you want to do and theyll show you the top schools for that industry career. Field of Study Explorer LinkedIn ® takes your field of study (based on your profile) and lists the top business and connections for you. Decision Boards Create a pin board where you can keep all of your top picks from your University Rankings, Finder and Field of Study tools in one place, plus get start conversations to get advice from people you trust and respect.When you select a preferred university and/or field of study, your Decision Board will appear on your profile page. Visitors will then have the opportunity to help you make your decision based on their experiences. For more information on how to use LinkedIn ® Youniversity, read LinkedIn ® Official Blog article, Social + Data = Better Decisions for Students. I would love to hear how you or your college student children are using these new LinkedIn ® features. And if you don’t have my book yet and you want to know how to optimize the value you get from LinkedIn ® as a job seeker, business person, or student, just go How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn ® Profile. If you purchase the book in PDF format, youll receive unlimited lifetime updates! Finally, if youd like me to address a particular LinkedIn ® topic you dont see covered in my book or blog, just email me at BrendaB@TheEssayExpert.com with your suggestion. The answer to your question might be featured in the next edition! Category:Archived ArticlesBy Brenda BernsteinDecember 8, 2014

5 Real Reasons Why You Dont Get Called for an Interview

5 Real Reasons Why You Dont Get Called for an Interview You’ve done everything you’re supposed to do- networking, sending in applications, calling in favors, sending out resumes- and the phone simply refuses to ring. You haven’t been asked in for any interviews. This is partially because the market’s tough at present, but it could also have something to do with a few things you may be doing wrong. Here are the 5 real reasons why you don’t get called in for an interview.1. You have a weak resumeEither there is not enough on your resume- you don’t have sufficient experience, or there’s too much. Did you dump your entire work and education history into the document, with little care for what sort of picture that laundry list paints? Try culling a bit, shaping the way you lay out your facts.Bottom line: put yourself in the hiring manager’s shoes and imagine your resume in a pile of resumes. Imagine 10 or so identically qualified candidates. Will yours stand out among them? Does it stylis hly and succinctly show you to be a cut above the rest? If it doesn’t, that might be your answer.2. You’re applying for the wrong jobsAre you sending out applications and resumes willy nilly? To any job you see advertised that you think you could have a remote chance of handling? That’s probably not the best strategy. Better to do a bit of extra hunting for the positions that are perfect for you- and you for them.Be the ideal candidate, not just another faceless grunt who could probably do the job to their satisfaction. You’ll feel better going after positions that really excite and challenge you as well.3. You’re using the wrong strategyOnline job boards are a useful resource. But they aren’t usually enough to turn the corner in a job search. Make sure you’re also actively pursuing leads, building your network, calling on your existing connections, finding contact information for the right people and sending them your resume and cove r letter, maximizing your LinkedIn usage. Make sure you never go more than 30 days without some online activity.4. Your hopes are too highHope and high expectations are great. As are you! But sometimes the dream job isn’t going to happen just now. Sometimes an interim job is just as good- one that won’t do any damage to your resume, but will pay your bills. Maybe give up on your desire to be the next big CEO until you’re searching from the comfort of already having a job? It’s always best to negotiate from a place of power.5. You’re not asking for helpThere is no shame in needing a job. This is what your family and friends (and network!) are for. Tell them what you’re looking for and ask them to help if they reasonably can. You’d do it for them, after all. And chances are, they will.

WAS BARRY GOLDWATER MISREPRESENTED BY THE MEDIA Research Paper

WAS BARRY GOLDWATER MISREPRESENTED BY THE MEDIA - Research Paper Example Media uses this phenomenon and controls us in many ways, as to how we remember events and people, thus effectively shaping our opinions. The power of media to shape opinions has always been lucrative to politicians. Consequently what the media shows us may not be the reality as portrayals and images sometimes lie in the category of paid-content, which is of course unreliable. Great leaders and politicians have always been a target for the media’s strident and harsh remarks. Barry Goldwater, â€Å"a five-term U.S. senator from Arizona and a champion of conservatism whose 1964 presidential candidacy who launched a revolution within the Republican Party† (Barnes, â€Å"Barry Goldwater†), is one victim herein. During that era he was also known as Mr. Conservative for his articulate, blunt and charismatic approach in political dealings. Politicians and leaders all over the globe still admire him for his values and have set him as a benchmark for themselves. This resea rch paper aims to briefly show how and why the media misinterpreted Barry Goldwater. Liberals during the 60’s had left no stone unturned to term Barry Goldwater as a racist and to tarnish his image in public but Goldwater stood as a man of principle and courage. He fought back to each and every allegation that was pointed towards him. It might be not be an overstatement to suggest that he had more enemies than friends but despite this fact, his political career had always been applauded. And even at this present day, it remains as interesting as it was back in the 60’s. To begin with, the first thing that needs discussion is his presidential elections in 1964 in which he had to face a crushing defeat by 16 million votes from Lyndon B. Johnson. Many factors contributed towards this but the most important of all was the misrepresentation of Barry Goldwater’s persona by the liberals. Moreover, the assassination of John F. Kennedy also contributed to his defeat, as it was discovered that he has been shot dead by someone with a Goldwater sticker on his forehead. So heartbroken was Goldwater at that time that he gave out a blunt statement, which further added to his criticism, i.e. â€Å"This is a great country, where anybody can grow up to be president...except me† (â€Å"Barry Goldwater†). Liberals were the actual culprits who misinterpreted him through media but in actuality, he was a staunch conservative with strong and practical thoughts, which if implemented, could have out casted the liberals. In the presidential elections of 1964 he was stereotyped as a nuclear war monger by the media. This was reinforced again and again by airing a television ad where a child was shown picking daisies counting down each petal till it reached one and then an atomic bomb exploding into a mushroom cloud with an announcer announcing in the background that these are the stakes so better vote for Johnson. By using tactics such as these, Goldwate r was highly misrepresented. Initially the liberals termed him as a racist because they said that he was a segregationist who would not allow equality and would not give an equal standing to every individual in the country. It all began when he insisted that he would vote for the approval of 1964 civil rights act if and only if section 2 on equal employment opportunity was removed. From then onwards, started a battle of allegations and misperceptions. People started calling him racist. They were aware

Back To School Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Back To School Night - Essay Example followed by a question-answer session. This will give the parents a good understanding of the academic year ahead of the child and the role they have to play to make it a success. â€Å"Unfortunately both the quality and quantity of parental contacts with the school decline as children get older†, say Puma & others (Puma et al., Strong families, strong schools, US DOE, 1994) and point to the sharply contrasting statistics for the first graders and the seventh graders. They go on to add that involved parents help students to perform better academically, stay longer in school, and have better social skills. Teachman et al., also reinforce this view pointing out that, â€Å"†¦parent-child and parent-school interaction†¦Ã¢â‚¬  is related to dropping out of high school. (Teachman et al., Social Capital and the Generation of Human Capital, Social Forces, 1997) A child who routinely expects its parents to visit the school at least during the Back to School Nights, gets used to parents Back to school night is held within the first few days of the school re-opening and is followed by more such meets – each after the successive term examinations are held and the results announced. The second, third and the fourth meetings are indeed open house meetings to take stock of the progress of the child in the school along with discussing and implementing ways to improve performance. Back to school night is an event of the evening and night. This is a time of joy and relaxation coupled with establishing or renewing relationships between the parents and the teachers. The subsequent meetings are for more serious efforts involving in-depth discussions for which sufficient time is to be earmarked to cover all aspects of a child’s progress and for all children. Thus, they are best held commencing from the morning and continued till all the

Concept of perceived effective leadership

Concept of perceived effective leadership The literature review will focus on two dimensions of literature. The first is to look at the kind of leadership that is termed as effective by looking at numerous definition of leadership and the conceptualization of leader effectiveness done by previous studies as well as conceptualization by Kouzes and Posner (2002) in which he measured effective leadership using his Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI). The second is to look at the definition of integrity and how it is conceptualized and measured from the perspective of leadership. To this, the author wishes to use the Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) developed by Craig and Gustafson (1998) as previous studies indicated that it is one of the reliable ways to measure integrity from perspective of leadership. Having the two components of this study defined, this paper also attempted to explain the theory underlying the relationship between the two components based on previous studies. This chapter critically and selectively reviews the concept of perceived effective leadership and perceived integrity in leadership and their relationship from published journals and articles. The author believes that this could be useful for understanding and the development of theoretical models. 2.2. Effective leadership As public organizations are facing an increasingly complex environment due to globalization, advancement in technology and communication, more diverse workforce, the need to meet and satisfy citizens and customers satisfaction through high-quality services, the outcry for effective leadership in public organizations has become crystal-clear though it has been contended that effective leaders with integrity are often lacking in organizations (Haberfeld, 2006; Rowe, 2006) to bring the desired impact. Previous research indicated that leadership is a complex process and leadership theories have been defined and developed substantially over the last decades and as claimed by Bennis and Nanus (1985) cited in Olu Oyinlade (2006) that leadership had been defined by researchers in over 350 different ways in the 30 years prior to 1985. This was also agreed by Bass in 1990 who stated that there seems to be many definitions of leadership than the number of researchers striving to study the concept. According to Conger (1992) also cited in Olu Oyinlade that so far there is no single agreed-upon definition as leadership is largely an intuitive concept and this is agreed by Bennis (2007) that recent research suggests there is no one-size-fits-all approach to leadership. The most common so far of leadership theories are the traits theory, behavioural theory, contingency theory, and leader-member exchange (LMX), the transformational and transactional theory. Due to the vast definitions of leade rship, Bass (1990) cited in Schafer (2009) hinted and pinpointed some common unifying theory implying that leadership is the persuasive power and ability to influence group of people or individuals or other behaviours in an coordinated manner to achieve some pre-determined goal. Kouzes and Posner (2004) defined leadership by their followers and it involves a relationship between those who want to lead and those who choose to follow. They suggested that any discussion of leadership should follow this norm of relationship. Kouzes and Posners assertion for leaders and followers relationship is based on followers perception and they normally depend upon leaders for collective success. Thus, the implication to follow good leaders is high and to follow bad leaders is too costly as it cannot be denied that some leaders are often tempted and lured to manipulate their position for personal gain (Van Vugt et al., 2008). Previous studies on followers assessment of leadership focused on the behaviours associated with effective leadership and past findings also indicated that dimensions of what they call as effective leadership vary from instrument to instrument of research. To this, prior study by Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) in citing Bass (1985) in their study on Perceived integrity of transformational leaders in organisational settings suggested that effective leadership can be related to transformational leadership behaviours of idealized influence, inspiring motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration which are very much admired and could become respected role-model. The researchers used Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) by Craig and Gustafson (1989) to measure leaders integrity and Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) developed by Bass (1985) to measure transformational leadership involving a sample 1,354 out of 6,025 managers throughout New Zealand and fou nd a strong positive relationship between perceived integrity and demonstration of transformational leadership behaviours. However, this study will not apply the MLQ as an instrument to measure effective leadership as it is criticised on the ground that it lacks ability to measure accurately and distinguish the four dimensions of transformational leadership from one another (Bycio, Hackett Allen, 1995; Tepper and Percy, 1994; Tracey Hinkin, 1998; Yammarino Dubinsky, 1994) although it has been widely used in many investigations of transformational and transactional leadership (Den Hartog, Van Muijen Koopman , 1997). Some theorists also raised questions regarding the notion that transformational leadership may not necessarily lead followers to higher ethical ground but instead may lead to unethical and immoral direction (Giampetro, Brown, Browne Kubasek, 1998; Yukl, 1998) as cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002). This has given rise to another dimension of transformational leadership in what Bass and Steidlmeier (1999) called as authentic which refers to real ethical leader and pseudo-transformational which is unlikely to be ethical leader. This notion of transformational leader related to effective leadership will not be applied in this study as some researcher like Ciulla (1995) raised the issue of Hitler problem who argued that Hitler must not be in the same category as Martin Luther King, Jr. though the Nazis during his time might have treated him to be effective and transformational. The idea of charismatic leadership too will not be related to effective leadership in this study although Conger and Kanungo (1998) described charismatic leaders to possess all the qualities of vision, drive, passion and ability of leaders to inspire their followers into action. But Bass (1985) argued that charismatic leaders often lead to dictatorship than real leaders with inclusion of qualities such as narcissism, manipulation of people and defensiveness in the example such as Hitler and Mussolini. To this, Kouzes and Posner (1988) came up with their Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) to conceptualize leadership behaviours associated with leader effectiveness based on five dimensions of practices: Modelling the Way, Inspiring a Shared Vision, Challenging the Process, Enabling Others to Act, and Encouraging the Heart. The construction of LPI is although not designed for transformational or transactional leadership styles, but the instruments contents of different scales may from subordinates point of view contains elements of transformational and transactional leadership styles (Fields Herold, 1997). Other studies indicated an increase in perception of effective leadership can lead to an increase in subordinate and organizational effectiveness. To this, researchers like Jaussi and Dionne (2004) in their study on Unconventional leader behaviour, subordinate satisfaction, effort and perception of leader effectiveness cited Bass (1990) claimed that an increased in perception of leader effectiveness can lead to elevated subordinate performance which in turn can enhance organizational effectiveness as one the three outcomes documented in previous leadership literature. As there are too many literatures associated with effective leadership, this paper only attempted to use the term effective leadership as derived by Kouzes and Posner (2002) through his Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI) and the dimensions that articulate and explain effective leadership. The reason as to why practices are selected rather than traits and characteristics of leadership is based on the understanding of leaders behaviour through the role theory that can provide insight and understanding on how roles and behaviours influence subordinates behaviour. Role has been defined as a socially specified pattern of behaviour that accompanies a particular position within a social context (Deaux Wrightsman, 1988) cited in Huse (1998). In another definition, roles are also the combination of expectations and performances on the part of those who are interacting with each other (Neal, 1983). Hooijberg and Quinn (1992) also stated that in order to increase their effectiveness, leaders may perform and execute variety of leadership roles and practices in the organizational setting. Another reason for the role theory to be accepted and not the traits theory is because previous literatures on the traits theory popularised in 1930s only explained leadership effectiveness by means of natural characteristics, skills and abilities such as self-efficacy, decisiveness, and interpersonal competences to be associated with organizational effectiveness. But this theory has been subjected to criticism on the ground that this theory lacks predictive power in linking leadership traits to performance (Stogdill, 1948). Consequently, in 1940s and 1950s, the leadership behaviour theory was introduced to explain leadership effectiveness based on leaders behaviours and practices they should play to provide new perspective on understanding leadership effectiveness (Steers, Porter Bigley, 1996) cited in Oyinlade (2006). The theory explains that the behaviour of the leader occurs within the context of various roles and practices the leader plays. This further justifies why leadership practices and behaviours are important to influence subordinates behaviour and this also helps to explain that the effectiveness of the leader is influenced by his/her roles obligations and expectations. 2.3. Measurement of effective leadership In a study done in 2008 to more than 1,000 police supervisors attending the FBI National Academy (NA) in Quantico, Virginia which involved 1,042 of the 1,071 (97.3 percent) NA attendees completed all or part of the survey, the survey concluded that efficacy of police chiefs who are effective leaders was most strongly linked with integrity, work ethic, communication, and care for personnel while ineffective leaders were characterized as failing to express these traits or were characterized as suffering from questionable ethics and integrity. The study revealed that 37.5 percent of respondents ranked honesty and integrity as the most important characteristics of an effective leader. The study also acknowledged that development of effective leaders and leadership practices is a persistent problem in policing (Schafer, 2009) A study done in 2008 involving a total of 1,000 high public school teachers in Amman, Jordan which studied the behaviours of their principals using Kouzes and Posners LPI has shown that 550 school teachers represent 55 per cent of the targeted respondents of 1,000 have assessed their principals as moderately practising Kouzes and Posners leadership practices model and identified them as transformational which is also associated with effective leadership (Abu-Tineh et.al. 2008). 2.4. Integrity Integrity is a concept commonly discussed in a formal and informal way and usually associated with leadership and organisational theory, but it is yet to be defined and theoretically understood (Rieke Guastello, 1995) as cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002). Previous definitions on integrity indicated that integrity has been defined in different manner and in different forms due to different lines of research by previous researchers. This was conceded by Hooijberg et.al (2010) that the complexity regarding its meaning and interpretation makes it difficult to be understood. Hence, its broad dimensions had led to many researchers to associate it with ethics, honesty, trust, credibility, and character that have been used and applied interchangeably in many past literatures (Hooijberg et.al., 2010; Becker, 1998; Yukl Van Fleet, 1990); Kouzes and Posner (2002); Ciulla (2004). In 2007 and 2009, Palanski and Yammarino cited in Hooijberg et. al. who successfully found evidence of rela tionship between integrity and honesty also asserted that it involves matching deeds to words, a sense of morality and that it lies in the eyes of the beholder. This was shared by Kirkpartrick and Locke (1991) and Covey (1992) described integrity as walking the talk with no desire other than for the good of others. This was supported by Mayer, Davis, and Schoorman, (1995) by stating that integrity should be more than walk the talk but is associated to an individuals full commitment to underlying principles. For Kolthoff et al. (2010) stated integrity has its foundation in ethics and Lawton (1998) asserted that ethics and integrity encapsulate a code of conduct as basis for actions. Notably some examples of ethics violation in public organizations include lying, cheating, rule-bending, stealing public property, harming others and so on (Ciulla, 2004). For Van der Wal; Huberts; Van Den Heuvel and Kolthoff (2006), they described integrity within organizational context to constitute wholeness and in the Latin word -integritas which means acting according to moral values, norms and rules and which must take place within the context and environment in which one works or operates and accepted by the members of the organisation. For integrity also means trust as Bennis (1989) stated that integrity is the basis of trust and Simons (1999) in asserting that trust of subordinates in leaders behaviours is very important suggested behavioural integrity (BI) rather than self-perceived integrity or any statement on integrity as the main focus research on integrity to describe leaderships style and behaviours as there often mismatch between actual values and enacted values of leaders behaviour. The author duly admits that this has been the common flaw in public service where leaders normally ignore subordinates trust and in many instances they do not need subordinates trust as they probably feel proud to helm public organizations and hence could have acted on their own for selfish gain. It is here that mistrust and dishonesty exist within public organizations and as Kolthoff et al. (2010) pointed out that integrity is affected. Other researchers like Padilla, Hogan, and Kaiser (2007) also believed and argued that the occurrences of corruption, unethical and bad behaviours, mismanagement and so on perpetrated by people in position of power appointed in public organizations can be traced to issues of integrity. That is why integrity must be perceived as a moral courage and the will and willingness public servants ought to do and to go against what is not right and believes to be wrong (Kolade, 1999). How integrity is important for leadership? Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991); Kouzes and Posner (2002) cited in Hooijberg et.al (2010) asserted that integrity is not only good for organizations but also to be an important trait of leaders. Becker (1998) argued that excellent leaders are people viewed and perceived to be high in integrity because they do not want to gain something out of organizational resources for selfish reasons. This is consistent with Badaracco and Ellsworths (1990) notion that leaders with values and integrity normally make decisions in accordance with the enacted values of the organization and for Kouzes and Posner, (2002) added that leaders with integrity would be able to convince followers that they are worth to be followed. While Kanungo and Mendonca (1996) cited in Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) also stated that integrity in leadership has become an increasing concern for business and organisations. To this, many theorists now believe that leadership without i ntegrity may put the organisations at risk, (Morgan, 1993; Mowday, Porter Steers, 1982; Posner Schmidt, 1984). Perhaps, the most important definition of integrity related to leadership was given by Tan Sri Mohd. Sidek Hassan who is the Chief Secretary to the government of Malaysia in his speech dated 25 Mac 2009 that integrity can be defined as continuous adherence to moral principles, honesty, wholeness, the quality of being unimpaired; soundness. He also reminded civil servants on the need to instil integrity especially on the role of leadership in public institutions in order to deliver high quality of service delivery (http://www.pmo.gov.my/ksn/?frontpage/speech/detail/1512. accessed 5th April 2011). From the so many definitions of integrity mentioned above, it is clear that integrity plays an important role in establishing and maintaining high ethical standards in public organizations but it must start with the top echelon of the organizations which must be perceived to have integrity as without it the whole system and existing reform measures will be meaningless. 2.5. Measurement of integrity Hogan and Kaiser (2010) in their study on How to assess (not to assess) the integrity of managers stated that various attempts have been made in the past to assess and measure integrity in leadership including using the Big Five Personality Theory as researcher like Allport (1937) and other moral philosophers linked leaders integrity to personality and they believed that leaders personality could influence individuals and groups behaviours. To this, measurement of leaders personality using The Big Five Personality theory was a questionable issue related to how sound the integrity test works with leaders (Howard Thomas, 2010) and although it can predict counterproductive work behaviour based on the three dimensions of personality theory: Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Emotional Stability; but it does not measure counterproductive behaviours. Another critic for the theory was by Mischel (1977) who suggested that personality is most important in weak situations and of course in s trong situation it could provide solid cues about leaders appropriate behaviour which resulted in peoples supportive actions. Hogan and Kaiser (2010) also stated that another measurement technique linked integrity to leaders competency model theory and by using the data that delivered subordinates ratings of 672 directors and vice presidents employed by a Fortune 500 technology firm in the United States, this method defines integrity as a leadership competency and measures it using co-worker ratings of observed ethical behaviour. The test used 23-items to measure five competencies and integrity is one of them. The result of the competency test found that the behavioural ratings suggested only a negligible proportion of managers may have integrity issues and do not identify leaders with integrity issues as most of the items in the questionnaire only reflect the desirable end of integrity construct. The study also did not differentiate between high and low-performing managers, and hence cannot be used as an appropriate measurement to identify leaders with integrity issues. What have been done by previous measurements only focused on positive behaviours of managers that might not have been able to identify leaders with integrity issues. However, using Craig and Gustafson (1998) measurement technique of Perceived Leader Integrity Scale (PLIS) which focussed on perception of unethical behaviours of leaders using only a short version of 8-items questionnaire survey rather than 32-items, Hogan and Kaiser (2010) in their study using data from 80 employed MBA students at a university in the South-Eastern United States has proven that this technique is a reliable way of assessing leaders with potential integrity issues as correlation and regression analyses using the PLIS suggested that trust and leaders integrity is the primary determinant of employee attitudes and effective leadership perceptions. Apart from using PLIS, Hogan and Kaiser also used Leader Behaviour Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) developed by Stogdill (1963) in the study to assess the leaders effectiveness via two-factor of leaders behaviour, that is, Initiating Structure and Consideration scales (10-items for each scale) and found that PLIS is the strongest predictor of all the three predictors and another result indicated that leader perceived integrity was highly correlated with consideration rather than initiating structure which means leaders need to pay more attention to the needs of the subordinates. So, this study will use the PLIS to measure perceived leaders integrity from subordinates assessment in the focus area, that is, the selected Sabah states agencies in Kota Kinabalu. 2.6. Relationship between effective leadership and perceived integrity Parry and Proctor-Thomson (2002) in their study on Perceived Integrity of Transformational Leaders in Organisational Settings involving 1,354 useable samples out of 6,025 managers in private and public organizations throughout New Zealand using both PLIS and MLQ to measure perceived leader integrity and effectiveness respectively found that there was positively significant correlation between leader perceived integrity and a range of leader effectiveness measures in which leader effectiveness was measured with items such as satisfaction with leadership, perceived leader effectiveness, extra efforts from followers and motivation of followers. A study done by Hooijberg et.al in 2010 involving 175 bureau chiefs and directors of a state government agency in the North-eastern USA taking part in a leadership-training program using 20-items survey of Competing Values Framework (CVF) to assess managers effectiveness through eight leadership roles: Producer, Director, Coordinator, Monitor, Mentor, Facilitator, Innovator and as Broker revealed that integrity has an above impact of leadership effectiveness followed by honesty and goal-orientation is the leadership role that bosses highly associated with leaders effectiveness. In addition to the above studies, other past literatures on the study of leadership focussed on the impact of leadership on organization and indicated it was the leaderships role to protect and enhance the invulnerability of public agencies to threats of integrity as suggested by Selznick (1957) that the integrity of the institution is vulnerable to corruption if the leader fails to protect the institutions distinctive values, competence and role. The importance of leaders to demonstrate integrity was also studied by Gray (1985) and Fiedler (1995) as cited in Huse (1998) who argued that leaders will inspire others when they demonstrated integrity. This shows that leadership with integrity is vital to protect organizations vulnerability to corruption as well as to inspire others to behave in a forthright and open-manner and lead the organization into the future which is part of leaders demonstration of integrity. The study by OECD in 2005 on Public Sector Integrity: A Framework for assessment regarding perception of integrity in all its member countries such as Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, Germay, Japan and host of other countries indicated that integrity in public agencies starts at the top and through leaders actions and behaviour. Instilling a culture of integrity has to come from the top such as the senior management, head of department, governing board etc. Leaders in public organizations must keep integrity at the forefront activities so that employees can take their cues and examples from the top. Other research also has shown that supervisors or leaders are the primary influence on the ethical behaviours of their subordinates (Morgan, 1993; Posner Schmidt, 1984). Their contention is based on the belief that as integrity is also about ethical behaviours, this indicates that if leaders exercise ethical behaviour this will lead to larger implications on subordinates behaviours and behaviours of others in the organization. To this, an effective leadership must lead the initiatives to create an atmosphere where individuals in the organization feel safe to move forward to becoming an ideal and competitive organization. But this will depend on the leaderships beliefs in motivation and competitive spirit of all members in the organization on the adherence to values of honesty, ethics, and trust. What is important is a statement by Morgan (1993) who emphasized the ethical leaderships positive impact on organisational effectiveness will result in ethical development which is very important to the leaders success. Morgan also found that followers perception of leaders ethics was positively related to their perceptions of leaders effectiveness. 2.7. Summary of Literature Review Based on the numerous definitions of integrity given by previous researchers such as Becker (1998), integrity is conceptualized as similar to honesty, trust, ethics, matching words with deeds and actions, and a commitment in actions to set of principles and values. In other words, integrity is about something ethical and morality in words and in actions in accordance with existing norms, cultures, values, processes, rules and laws in which managers and leaders in public organizations must adhere to in order to create and maintain public trust. Previous studies indicated that effective leadership can be conceptualized and perceived using Kouzes and Posners (2002) Leadership Practices Inventory or LPI which emphasizes on leadership practices in five dimensions : Inspiring Vision, Model the Way, Challenge the process, Enable others to act and Encourage the heart. Recent study by Abu-Tineh et.al (2008) done in 2008 in Amman, Jordan involving a sample of 550 school teachers resulted in the school teachers assessed their school principals as having practiced Kouzes and Posners leadership practices and has identified them as transformational which is also related to effective leadership. The leaders integrity can be perceived by using Craig and Gustafsons (1998) Perceived Leader Integrity Scale of PLIS in which Parry and Proctor-Thomson in 2002 has conducted a study on a sample of 1,354 private and public managers in New Zealand using PLIS and found a moderate to positive relationship between perceived leader integrity and transformational leadership behaviours measured using Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). Other previous literatures also pinpointed to the needs for perceived effective leadership to possess moral values such as honesty, trust and ethics or in other words integrity to maintain trust and create followers positive perception of leaders effectiveness and integrity to bring the desired impact to the organizations.

Faction of a society Essay

A particular faction of a society endures a great deal of pressure of the working population; that is, those who are making a living for themselves and their families. Indeed, wellness in the workplace has become a critical concern for organizations. Paid employment is a major determinant of good physical and mental health for men and women. In the United States and other societies where people are socialized into a strong work ethic, satisfying work enhances health, life satisfaction, and well-being. The impact of work is seen in Sigmund Freud’s answer to the question of what normal people should do well. For Freud, it is â€Å"to love and to work. † In other words, good psychological functioning emphasizes both one’s work and one’s family. The ideal is to create an environment where work and family are not opposed to one another, this is the same premise Nick Whitten’s article â€Å"Workplace Truly Family-friendly† encapsulates (Whitten, 2006). Whitten tackles how mothers in Forest Hall Day Nursery are allowed to bring their children with them to work. Indeed, rather than giving them. Indeed, many social scientists are no longer asking whether it is good or bad that mothers work. Instead, they are finding that a more important issue is whether the mother, regardless of employment, is satisfied in their situation (Burns and Scott, 1994). Certainly, serious concern is frequently voiced about the future of the nation’s children as more and more mothers enter the work force. With the entry of women into the labor force, arrangements for childcare are shifting from care in the home to care outside the home. As such, employers shall indeed consider rethinking flexible working schedule as a major scheduling change in today’s clocks. Society has to begin to consent that mothers, like fathers, are capable of taking over the task of being the breadwinner as well as being a parent. Many people may fear that the working mother represents a loss to children in terms of supervision, love, and cognitive enrichment. But like what Forest Hall Day Nursery practices, why not give this arrangement for childcare that is shifting from care in the home to care outside the home a try? References Burns, Ailsa. and Cath Scott. (1994). Mother-Headed Families and Why They Have Increased. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Whitten, Nick. â€Å"Workplace Truly Family-friendly. † Available online: < http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_6783/is_2006_August_10/ai_n28366056/? tag=content;col1>. Accessed 5 May 2009.

Disability, Social, And Person Centered Perspective

According to the Americans With Disabilities Act, an individual with a disability is a person who has a physical or mental impairment that significantly limits one or more major life activities, a person who has a history or record of such an impairment, or a person who is perceived by others as having such an impairment (Anon. 1999). When evaluating disability there are numerous perspectives on it; medical, social, and person centered perspective. Each perspective has its individual ways of addressing the concept of disability. Medical From the medical perspective, American sociologist Talcott Parson’s developed the concept of the sick role in 1951. Parson’s â€Å"sick role† of disability is not a good model of disability. It is a technique used to explain rights and responsibilities of those who are ill. This is a necessary view because a person who is diagnosed with a medical condition cannot always fulfill the same duties of a healthy person. Person’s theory goes on to explain that this helps society adapt to the situation. Furthermore, it allows for a reasonable amount of deviation from behavior that would be viewed as typical of a well person. However, Parson’s â€Å"sick role† of disability is not a good model of disability. However, it is necessary in the case of health care professionals. Medicine is not equipped to deal with the problems of disability. Medical intervention has been focused on treating acute rather than chronic conditions. As a result, the concept of theShow MoreRelatedPerson Centered Therapy : A Critical Analysis1606 Words   |  7 PagesPerson-Centered Therapy (PCT) embodies a humanistic approach, which is intended to increase a person’s feelings of self-worth, and reduce the level of incongruence between the ideal self and the actual self (Gelso, Cepeda Davenport, 2006). 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The Importance Of Free Speech Amendment - 1711 Words

Dear Founding Fathers, I am writing this letter with concern to two of the amendments written on the US constitution. Firstly, I would like to talk about Free Speech Amendment. The bill of Rights States that, â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦ prohibiting the†¦ exercise of†¦ freedom of speech.† Even though this amendment has helped our society nowadays, I feel as if the amendment was made too strict. These amendments protect individuals from having their speech limited by government action, which is intended to stop a government from silencing speech it doesnt like. However, there are some special cases (later discussed in this letter) which make it hard for the government to do their job at times. Due to this, the amendment should have been†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, according to the Government of the United States in â€Å"Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, sex, or ethnic origin†. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, the definition of the word law is â€Å"a binding custom or practice of a community; a rule of conduct or action formally recognized as binding or enforces by a controlling authority.† Although the government tries to keep free speech to a maximum, there are a few occasions where they would prohibit selected people from free speech. This really only happens when free speech makes it difficult for the government to do their job; which is keeping people safe. For example, someone works for the FBI, or has access to classified information which should not be told to the entire nation. In this case, the government has no choice, but to not allow that person to share that information freely. Even though this amendment has helped our society nowadays, I feel as if the amendment was made too strict. 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Occupational licensing can be